Post World War Military Pilot Training for Billings, MT: In July 1958, all Air Force helicopter pilot training moved to Stead. Starting salaries that were in the $25,000 to $40,000-a-year range can now top 50K or more. How Much Does it Cost to Become a Pilot? It costs $104,995 to become a pilot when starting with no previous experience or $83,995 when starting with a private pilot certificate. Beginning back in 1925, Embry-Riddle now has over 130,000. In this chapter, we will explore some alternative funding options for flight school businesses. On the other hand, local Flight Training in ~ train for a wide variety of missions, including people who just want to fly for fun. 2. Dashboard. Keep track of your flight time, special equipment, crew information and maintenance cycles on the easy-to-use digital spreadsheet, or print to take with you. At the end of a successful rental, OpenAirplane pays 90 percent of the listed. Sky High Flight Education. 🔹 72% feel secure. The 6-month program helping small business owners double their revenue. . I recently spent $80,000 on flight school to become a pilot. Don't delay any further. Small Business Flight School helps you optimize all 6 parts of your business. Tallman. Published May 16, 2023. Access to the Members-Only Flight School Community 4. Instruction. Business Transaction. Spartan College’s aviation flight training program is located on a tower-controlled airport with dual runways in Tulsa, Oklahoma. With ten campuses across the state, TSTC offers technical certifications and associate degrees in various technical skills. If you have no experience, expect to pay closer to $90,000. An LLC will also protect your personal assets in the event of commercial bankruptcy or. However, he has managed to build a business from scratch that is currently valued at $17 million. Synergy Business Brokers will keep the sale of your flight school confidential and find the right buyer for your business. To become a VA Approved flight school, the flight school must be first an approved FAA school ("Part 141" flight school under "Part 141") of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). 421 Aviation Way Frederick, MD 21701. That’s all well and good but when you’re training pilots who may make a career out of the lessons you teach them, perhaps that lack. For flight schools, advertising expenses may include promoting events, sponsoring aviation shows, and printing flyers or brochures for distribution. Equations global aerospace service. Location: 32W751. Small Business Flight School is a proven strategy Donald Miller used to build his business to a $17M from the ground up after losing his entire life savings in a failed venture 17 years ago. We can easily help you to schedule all the necessary flying hours with our confident and qualified instructors. The Flight Plan is based on six key parts of the plane, each of which plays an. Location: 8060 Spencer Hwy, Pasadena, TX 77505. From all my flight school lessons I've. Food and drinks are on us! Classes will be held on Monday and Wednesday nights from 6:30pm - 8:30pm beginning September 18th at the Roanoke-Blacksburg Regional Airport in Roanoke, VA. In both of these cases. Cranfield Training Centre, UK. Professionalism and safety help to keep ATP at the top of the list, for a flight program done right, ATP is your go-to flight school in Atlanta. We are LA Flight Academy – a flight school located in Van Nuys, CA. 2. School of Business, Aviation & Technology. Get the best small business insurance quotes online & info on cost, coverage, minimum requirements, certificates & more. Flight School is for small business owners who want to accelerate their growth at a rapid, 6-month pace alongside fellow entrepreneurs with the weekly support of our team. Start a Travel Agency. Cost of General Liability Insurance. 05, while the 9-month fast-track Airline Career Pilot Program at Airline Transport Pilots ascends to $80,995. Manhattan, Kansas 66503 Olathe, Kansas 66062 San Diego, California 92123. Featured School Flex Air Flight School Flex Air offers has Part 61 and Part 141 flight schools, recognized as an AOPA Distinguished and Military Friendly® Flight School. Don’t be afraid to ask questions of your instructor and fellow pilots. In it, entrepreneurs will learn the six steps to professionalize and grow their small businesses while receiving support to put the steps into action. Thank you for your interest in our new aviation offering. When selecting a flight school, understanding the types available is crucial. Ron DeSantis announced the state. Small Business Flight School is open! My mentor, Donald Miller of StoryBrand has done an amazing job of putting together a program that steps small business owners through the 6 core pillars of. From all my flight school lessons I've. It sounds like a good idea—work in a business you love with the people you love. It’s a hands-on, 6-month program designed to help small business owners double their revenue with a growth system that works. Food and drinks are on us! Classes will be held on Monday and Wednesday nights from 6:30pm - 8:30pm beginning September 18th at the Roanoke-Blacksburg Regional Airport in Roanoke, VA. 5 to 4. You will have to pass the evaluation and training to qualify. End credit card stacking. states that the cost of their flight school ranges between $8,000 and $15,000. WE ARE TEXAS FLIGHT. The commercial pilot license costs approximately $29,840. The Flight Plan is based on six key parts of the plane, each of which plays an. To be eligible to pursue your Private Pilot License, you must meet certain requirements, such as: Be at least 16 years old to fly solo. Liberty University is an online aviation school that is able to offer a bachelor’s degree in aviation online. They offer. You may be eligible for flight training benefits if you meet all of these requirements. Auclair said any accolades the school receives are the result of a joint effort by instructors and employees, students, and the parents and spouses of the pilots learning to fly here. 1. Sarah Bartush can be contacted at 805/987-1301 or online. Our focus on quality and commitment to the best training standards sets us apart from most other training organizations. A major drawback of the Cessna 150 is the fact it is quite small with a similarly small. Mt. We will. Our working hours are from Monday to Thursday 0800 – 1530 and on Friday, 0800 – 1500. 1) Basic Aerodynamics. Louis Downtown Airport, located at 4300 Vector Drive in Cahokia, Illinois, and can be reached at 314-977-9569. Each month, we’ll focus on a key area of your business and walk you through action steps you need to execute. Most schools start with grand ideas and then settle into a constant cycle of stress-then-relative-prosperity-then-stress. The ASU fleet is one of the newest in the country, made up of Diamond aircraft, considered the safest training planes in the industry. The reason being there aren’t enough airplanes to meet the demand for air cargo transportation. Small Business Flight School will teach you everything Donald learned so you can scale your business, too. “Flying clubs should have diverse fleets, not flight schools. Starlight Flight. We offer classes for all skill and experience levels, from those who have never flown a drone and want to gain exposure to. Flight School makes it easy for me to work with more small business owners. To find out whether a school's machines are approved, use the Approved Aircraft Simulators and Flight Training Devices Search. “Stark-Fleet Academy was my choice of flight school based on many important key details that I didn't. With a budget of $40,000, we found a 1979 Cessna 152 at a grass strip 65 miles southwest. to: WASHINGTON INTERNATIONAL FLIGHT ACADEMY LLC. ” more. Install a proven plan to 2x your revenue . But long before being able to make that. Mostly wet. ago. Louis Downtown Airport, located at 4300 Vector Drive in Cahokia, Illinois, and can be reached at 314-977-9569. Business, Economics, and Finance. The certificate is a prerequisite for acting as a flight crew-member in scheduled airline operations. 62. A small flight school typically can do the private through commercial multiengine and the CFI training for about $60,000. 0. Note that this cost depends on the school and location, however, compared to top-tier countries like the US, UK, and Australia, this cost is cheaper. New London, North Carolina 28127. In this chapter, we will explore some alternative funding options for flight school businesses. Setting Up Your Small Business Flight School: A Step-by-Step Guide 1. Creating an all-encompassing flight plan offers small businesses a strategic, structured approach towards achieving their business goals. (CNN, POOL, NYC MEDIA, @NYCGOV, X, TSA, @nycgov/X) AAA predicts that 55. Established in 1982, the Flight School has trained thousands of pilots, from hobbyists to Captains. Best for professionals with limited download space: Aerofly FS. Feeling trapped in the 9-5 grind? 🕰️ You deserve a journey that fulfills your passion and potential. Donald Miller suffered a complete loss of his life savings in a business venture that failed eleven years ago. The small business training program helping you double your revenue. Tallman. An LLC will also protect your personal assets in the event of commercial bankruptcy or. It’s a hands-on, 6-month program designed to help small business owners double their revenue with a growth system that works. Published May 16, 2023. Our flight training loan is not a typical student loan. Limitless Innovations. Small Business Flight School will teach you everything Donald learned so you can scale your business, too. Be at least 17 years old to receive your private pilot certificate. S. It's a hands-on, 6-month program designed to help small business owners double their revenue with a growth system that works. Small: High: By segmenting our customer base, we can tailor our marketing efforts and services to meet the specific needs and demands of each group. Miami Executive Airport is known for its high volume of traffic which will prepare you for your future pilot career. Navigating the Process to Become a Drone Pilot: Step 1: Create an account, or log into your existing account, on the FAA Safety Team ( FAASTeam) website. Unlike a loan, the Pell Grant generally does not need to be repaid. The small business training program helping you double your revenue. This isn't just a course, it's a comprehensive. Yes- in order to have access to Small Business Flight School, a Business Made Simple subscription is required. This is a “full-service turn-key” aviation company that comes complete with a Part 61/141 flight school with all staff and. Flight School Mini Business Plan. Highland Rim Aviation (HRA) is a veteran-owned, family operated small business conveniently located on the grounds of the Springfield-Robertson County Airport (M91). National Business Aviation Association 1200 G Street NW, Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005 Tel: 202-783-9000. The school sues yours for infringement. Haeusl Air is a commercial flight school that offers in-depth training needed in the aviation industry. University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh. The Business Made Simple Flight. If you complete 100% of our ground school course and can show proof that you can achieve an 80% grade on two timed practice exams, we will send you a written endorsement in the mail that satisfies the aeronautical knowledge requirement of 14 CFR Part 61. Business Idea: Flight School Expected Percent Margins: Gross Margin: 30-50%; Net Profit Margin: 5-20%. To learn more, click on the link below:. A good first step is to contact Jeppesen Sanderson at jeppesen. Orlando Flight School, Florida, U. Similarly, leaders of small. Check out the. The following lists show all Organisations who offer courses of training for Private Pilot Licences and / or Associated Ratings issued in accordance with the Aircrew Regulation, who have either declared to the Civil Aviation Authority as a Declared Training Organisation or have met the higher standard. 6 MONTH PROGRAM Small Business Flight School helps you optimize all 6 parts of your business. Memo 2000-32 (2000). The Federal Aviation Administration defines general aviation as all flights that are not conducted by the military or the scheduled airlines. Everything seemed off…Known as a top flight school in Houston and their paramedic programs, SJC also offers logistics education and maritime trade courses. An ATP candidate must be at least 23 years of age and have 1,500 hours of time, and for multiengine aircraft must have completed an ATP certification training program (ATP CTP). Location and Transportation. Best for viable. Even the smaller airports still… There are most smaller small airports. Part 61 and Part 141 Flight Training. It's a hands-on, 6-month program designed to help small business owners double their revenue with a growth system that works. This isn’t a business philosophy course with theories that don’t work in the real world. The 22 simulator bays in the new facility, coupled with the flight school's existing bays, will increase total simulator bay capacity to 36 full flight simulators. Join Waitlist. These are usually pretty inexpensive, maybe $100 to $150 for an hour. In a highly demanding and competitive pilot training market, sometimes a training provider might have to have a hard conversation with a customer or a potential. Description. We started in 2008 as a family-owned and operated flight school geared towards personalized training tailored to fit the individual student, and we have maintained that family-oriented sensibility. Flight School Business is dedicated to serving the needs of flight school owners and managers, and the businesses and services that support them. The course will cover these topic areas:Most flight schools, even the successful ones, are working with other people's money. We have over 30,000 potential buyers looking for companies in various price ranges and locations. Business aviation helps support more than The U. But without a proven plan for growth, that’s exactly what will happen. Great rates. In contrast, Part 141 schools follow a structured curriculum approved by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The place that usually comes to mind when. Starting a flight school business requires significant investment in aviation equipment, facility rent, and IT infrastructure. Flight schools are businesses that face unique challenges due to their high costs of operation. A flight school could open in a rural area with a single Cessna 152. It offers organization, accountability, and the speed you need to get results,. 75% to 16. Build My Flight Plan Create a 6-step growth plan for your business using the digital Flight Plan worksheets. 2. The school's owner and manager has been attempting to evaluate performance and control costs using a variance report that compares the planning budget to actual results. I've been there, and I've unlocked the way out. How to Use Our Free Logo Generator. While there is no minimum age to start flight training, you. Other flight schools can sometimes offer. Small Business Flight School will teach you everything Donald learned so you can scale your business, too. It offers organization, accountability, and the speed you need to get results, and it costs $2495. Flight School Business Plan. To fly under Part 107 rules, there are 3 main steps. In Small Business Flight School, you’ll… If you want to increase your income more than before, if you want to commit two sins, then you have to be persistent. The 22 simulator bays in the new facility, coupled with the flight school's existing bays, will increase total simulator bay capacity to 36 full flight simulators. Embry-Riddle is the oldest and most comprehensive aeronautical university. Everyone is welcome. Ontario college aviation programs typically require an Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) or equivalent, which includes a grade 12 English credit. Your number one fear as a business. comA flight school may be satisfied with their current level of business activity. Flight School makes it easy for me to work with more small business owners. The small business training program helping you double your revenue. Federal Aviation Administration 800 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20591 866. 1. It’s a hands-on, 6-month program designed to help small business owners double their revenue with a growth system that works. $37,900. 1. Establishing a legal business entity such as an LLC or corporation protects you from being held personally liable if your flight school is sued. High Altitude Flight Training. Small Business Flight School will teach you everything Donald learned so you can scale your business, too. Email marketing can include newsletters, updates on the company, or promotions of sales and discounts for subscribers. Kim Dahlgren. student pilot certificate, sport pilot certificate, or recreational pilot certificate. ATP´s quality instructional methods will have you flying as pilot-in-command, nationwide, in an airline-style environme Hillsboro, Oregon 97124. It’s a hands-on, 6-month program designed to help small business owners double their revenue with a growth system that works. Fuel sales and hangar rentals. The 6-month program helping small business owners double their revenue. Guest contributor Ali J. View Training & Safety Learn to Fly Air Safety Institute Flight Schools Students CFIs Lapsed Pilots Active Pilots Career Pilots AOPA Flight Training Advantage Pilot Information Center Flight Training Survey You Can Fly Aviation Scholarships; Plan a Trip Embark on your next aviation adventure: Explore exciting destinations, read inspiring travel. It’s a hands-on, 6-month program designed to help small business owners double their revenue with a growth system that works. Young students especially are coming to the school, he noted, as remote schooling left them more time to invest in preparing for a potential commercial aviation career. As we come full circle, the answer is, invariably, “It depends. Haeusl Air. The following is a list of aviation courses you can take in South Africa. On his 1975 and 1976 tax returns, Korth deducted as educational expenses $2,433 and $5,862, respectively, for the costs of operating and maintaining these aircraft. 835. Estimated cost of attendance (tuition and fees): $32,207. Set realistic prices for your flight school. “I. If you can fly the Cessna 172 you will easily be able to fly the RED HAWK. Join a community of growth-minded business owners. $100k for 1500 hours of flying time (66/hr with fuel and mx) $20k for 400 hours of tuition (50/hr for PPL, CPL, IR, CFI/I) $10k for a CC degree over 2 years. Belief #1: It’s better to have a variety of airplanes on the flight line. Many flight schools offer ground school classes to help you learn the principles covered in the test. Blue Hill Helicopters has been in business for over 13 years and their flight instructors are all FAA-certified. The school teaches programs across private pilot, commercial pilot, instrument rating (IR), Airline transport pilot (ATPL), flight instructor (CFI/FI), and many others. JOIN TODAY. But five weeks into the closure, Florida Gov. When Twitter Flight School was first launched in 2014, it was exclusively available to ad agencies. Learning to fly in an aircraft is one of the most amazing things anyone can do. (link is. Owning a small business is often compared to throwing yourself off a cliff and building an airplane on the way down. Top 10 Best Flight School in Daytona Beach, FL - November 2023 - Yelp - Epic Flight Academy, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Air America Flight Center, Phoenix East Aviation, Aviators Academy, ATP Flight School, Daytona Jets, American Aviation, Ultimate Air Academy, Sunrise Aviation25 Creative Flight Instruction Business Names Business Names: Skyway Flight Academy. This isn't a business philosophy course with theories that don't work in the real world. A commercial pilot certificate can reach up to $100,000, according to the Pilot Institute. It is a line of credit that can be used for any flight training school or program. A private pilot certificate can cost anywhere from $4,000 to $20,000, depending on the flight school, the airplane used and how fast you complete the program. For instance: To encourage young people to explore career options within the aviation industry, the FAA in 2022 provided $5 million in funding for high school aviation classes. "Once you have tasted flight, you will forever. S. How long is the course? The Emirates Flight Training Academy ATPL course duration is approximately 113 weeks and is divided into a theoretical knowledge course and practical flying. We can easily help you to schedule all the necessary flying hours with our confident and qualified instructors. 4 million people will travel. Learn to Fly with Mid Island Flight School ! We have been providing flight training to L. For instance: To encourage young people to explore career options within the aviation industry, the FAA in 2022 provided $5 million in funding for high school aviation classes. To qualify for a loan you must present a sound business plan, demonstrate the. Located at the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Airport, ATP's Baton Rouge, Louisiana flight school offers aviation students in Louisiana professional commercial pilot flight training and an airline-sponsored career track from zero experience to 1,500 hours. One of the roots of the pilot shortage is a sharp drop in training and hiring after 9/11 reduced demand. Korth worked as a copilot for Hughes Airwest, flying DC-9 and F-27 aircraft. These are usually pretty inexpensive, maybe $100 to $150 for an hour. It’s all geared to help you run your flight school more. The larger programs charge as much as $100,000 or more for the same certificates and ratings. Call us now at 888-750-5950 or fill out our easy form and submit it online today. 7. Install a proven plan to 2x your revenue . Concord, NC 28027. Purdue School of Aviation and Technology, 2. The 6-month program that helps small business owners double their revenue using a proven growth system. Small Business Flight School provides lessons, exercises, and a Flight School Checklist to keep everything organized. Owning or operating a business jet or a fleet. Recent federal regulations also require new airline pilots to have substantially more flying experience. The versatile Redbird LD is the perfect solution for flight schools and individual pilots that need the power of a Redbird simulator in their home or office. Our philosophy is to deliver airline-style training and flight. Join us for an open house and cookout at the flight school on Sunday, September 17th from 1-3pm. Wisconsin. Flight Simulators Reduce Training Costs. 421 Aviation Way Frederick, MD 21701. At Fly Around Alaska Flight School, we take pride in our exclusive accelerated programs with an impressive 98% success rate. To launch a Flight School business, you will need to identify potential funding resources to cover startup costs. LD. One of the first things you should look at is simply "how airplanes fly. Location: 101 East Reserve Street, Vancouver, WA 98661. Financing is available for the Small Business Flight School; APPLY NOW. Business Transaction. Our capabilities include general repair and maintenance, line services, and more. Avoid high-interest rates. $47,900. Pan Am Flight Academy is moving eight simulators and its operations team to a new 64,000-square-foot facility in Miami. Pros Offers 0. In conclusion, Europe's aviation future hinges on its ability to train and retain a skilled workforce. 🚀💼 Ready to take flight?Small Business Flight School Certified Coach’s Post Small Business Flight School Certified Coach 5 followers 1w Report this post What excites you the MOST about running your business?. ” more. Save Save Flight School Business Plan For Later. Disorderly Plane Co. On average, flight schools in America spend between $450 - $1,000 per year for $1 million in general liability coverage. If Aviation Schools Online is involved in a merger, acquisition or asset sale, your Personal Data may be transferred. The Flight School coaching program, developed by Donald Miller, is designed to help small business owners like you double their revenue within six months. Louisiana Tech University (Ruston, LA) AllisonFoley, Hale Hall Louisiana Tech, CC BY-SA 3. This comprehensive program offers solid. IFR Flight Training School We serve the Austin. Earnings Expectations: Daily Earnings: $400 - $800; Weekly Earnings:. Student-to-faculty ratio: 18 to 1. The Small Business Flight School program and its supportive community have had a profound impact on my life, and they can do the same for you. • Marketing. Get a loan from Pilot Finance, Inc. This presents a golden opportunity for small business flight school owners to provide top-notch training and meet the industry’s demand for competent pilots. Small Business Flight School Certified Coach 5 followers 2d Report this post Thinking outside of the box is often critical to both business success and growth. Small Business Flight School . 5. If you have a small drone that is less than 55 pounds, you can fly for work or business by following the Part 107 guidelines. There is a high demand for air cargo services, but according to IATA, the capacity is constrained. Trusted Hand Flights. In The Small Business Flight School, Donald Miller has taken the 21 most critical steps you need in order to overhaul your entire business. One of the ways is to give the option of installments for the flight training fees and ground school. By far the biggest benefit to using a flight simulator is reducing the costs by spending time using a flight simulator. Invest in the 6-month program helping small business owners double their revenue. Usually accommodated by your local airport, this type of flight school usually offers both flight and ground instruction via. Small Business Flight School Update Recent insights from the Q3 MetLife and U. Stark-Fleet Academy. At L3Harris Airline Academy, our cadets train at state-of-the-art facilities in the UK and U. $650,000. Flight School Business. Your number one fear as a business owner is running out of money. If you aren’t satisfied with Flight School after 14-days you can get. 1. More information about Channel Islands Aviation is available online. And this is me being on the generous side with how much it would cost (it. The curriculum consists of six key elements that a business needs to run well: 1. To avoid this, you need a solid. Flight Safety International is one of the top 50 Best flight schools in Florida that delivers professional world-class training to operators of business, regional and commercial aircraft and it is best if you wish to become a professional cockpit or learn how to fly for. Most large flight academies near Melbourne, FL specialize in "ab initio" or "from the beginning" training for people who want to become commercial, airline, or corporate pilots. Location: 1954 Airport Road Suite 160 Chamblee, GA. Whether you’re flying as a career or as a hobby, get ready for takeoff. Small Business Flight School will teach you everything Donald learned so you can scale your business, too. 6. This isn't a business philosophy course with theories that don't work. That plan only works as long as there's money coming in to offset the money going out. You can always start small and build your system as needed. It's a hands-on, 6-month program for $2495 designed to help small business owners double their revenue with a growth system that works. Bright Flight. On average, flight schools in America spend between $450 - $1,000 per year for $1 million in general liability coverage. Exports of business aviation aircraft and parts amounted to about $26 billion in 2018. Whether you’re just starting out or have been in business for years, this 6-month program will provide you with the guidance, support, and actionable steps you need to succeed. S. From helpful and responsive reps you can trust. It's a hands-on, 6-month program designed to help small business owners double their revenue with a growth system that works. Tuition & Fees: Earning your private pilot’s license costs about $11,000-$13,000. FROM THE CREATORS OF. 2) Start seeing results right away. Each is simply referred to as an operator. The Flight School industry can have great results. Our Flight School in Florida benefits from excellent flying weather for more than 300 days a year. From the Sport Pilot Training through the ATP, our flight instruction is top notch. Small Business Flight School The 6-month program helping small business owners double their revenue. info@unitedcapitalsource. Wisconsin. That’s because its 12-month 0% intro APR offer works well for those with irregular cash flow. But, today, when I look back, my one year of flight school was better preparation for life as an entrepreneur and small business owner than any MBA class. Located in Scottsdale, Arizona, Sierra Charlie Aviation is one of the most complete and innovative flight schools in Arizona. Therefore, starting your air cargo transportation business is a viable idea. 2. FlyCarolina 940 Ideal Way Charlotte, NC 28203 USA 704-400-0945 704-853-5378 info@flycarolina. 1. By making small, immediate changes and working gradually towards appropriate shifts in your flight school structure, your business can stay profitable, provide a good service, and remain on the forefront of evolution in flight training. Buckle up and prepare for takeoff as we embark on a thrilling journey through the… Before you get started, you need to do a little work on your school's identity. If you’re interested in direct scholarships, the FAA also has a page to help you. To Learn More about Business Loans for Aviation Flight Schools. Montgomery Dr. Three good reasons to turn to AOPA Aviation Finance when you are buying or refinancing an airplane. 1. Production Specialist: Sylvia Horne. Our financing doesn’t require any loan payments during the training portion of the program. It’s a hands-on, 6-month program designed to help small business owners double their revenue with a growth system that works. Top 10 Best Flight School Near Dallas, Texas. You can use the funds to pay the school directly as you make your way from private pilot to instrument pilot and beyond. It’s crucial to consider all factors, including financial aid options and the quality of training when choosing a flight school. Basic layout plan. AWOS weather reporting system. Part 61 fixed wing flight schools in Washington can be just as powerful, but is not approved by the FAA. This isn’t a business philosophy course with theories that don’t work in the real world. wi. High Flight Academy High Flight Academy is new flight training school located at the Pittsburgh-Butler Regional Airport in Butler County, Pennsylvania.